Anxiety and depression are highly correlated constructs, and the similar pattern of effects across these two outcomes may be due in part to shared variance. A total score was obtained by summing the responses across the 15 items (Fisher et al., 2000); α = 0.90. Adolescents with the lowest risk for anxiety were those with longer sleep duration in conjunction with low levels of discrimination (mean = 8.07). For perceptions of everyday discrimination, frequently endorsed domains pertained to who adolescents hang out with, age, clothing, physical appearance, body weight and race/ethnicity, in this order. Path coefficients reported are from the step of entry. Sleep and Development: Familial and Socio-cultural Considerations. Further, general perceived discrimination was associated more strongly with externalizing behaviours for youth with shorter versus longer sleep. Perceived discrimination in medical settings remains prevalent within the U.S. health care system. Path models supported direct associations between sleep duration and only depression. In an adolescent sample, self‐reported sleep quality, but not sleep period (bedtime to wake time), moderated the effects of racial/ethnic discrimination on depressive symptoms. Everyday Discrimination Scale (Short Version) alpha = .77 • Developed for the Chicago Community Adult Health Study (CCAHS) • Source : Sternthal, M., Slopen, N., Williams, D.R. Perceived discrimination is a risk factor for psychological problems in children and adults (for reviews see Schmitt et al., 2014; Williams and Mohammed, 2013). While numerous studies attest to its validity and reliability for racial/ethnic minority groups, no existing study has examined its psychometric equivalence across gender, age, or … The role of sleep in emotional brain processing, Racism and health. Mediated effects of perceived discrimination on adolescent academic achievement: A test of four models. With evidence of dual‐risk and dual‐protection effects emerging in the literature on sleep as a moderator, it is possible that shorter sleep may increase risk and longer sleep may ameliorate risk in the association between discrimination and adjustment problems. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, The Preacher et al. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Sleep data for adolescents with fewer than 5 nights of actigraphy data (23%) were not included in analyses because of poor estimation of regular sleep (Meltzer et al., 2012). Multiple linear regression models reveal no association between discrimination and BP after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), antihypertensive medication use, and current smoking status.Subsequent candidate gene analysis identified 5 SNPs (rs7602215, rs3771724, rs1006502, rs1791926, and rs2258119) that interacted with perceived discrimination and SBP, and 3 SNPs … Generally, adolescents with shorter sleep tended to have higher levels of internalizing symptoms regardless of discrimination. The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is among the most frequently used instruments to assess perceptions of discrimination in general, as well as specific types of discrimination (e.g., based on race/ethnicity or age). Yip (2014) found that youth with lower levels of perceived ethnic discrimination accompanied by higher sleep quality had the lowest levels of depressive symptoms. Yip did not find effects for sleep duration (reported sleep period). In an exploratory study of African Americans' perceived experiences of isolate racial discrimination and its impact, the authors found that sixty percent of African Americans perceived that they had been discriminated against in the past three years. Some evidence, albeit scarce, has linked perceived discrimination with poor subjective sleep quality in … High levels of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination accompanied by poor sleep quality was associated prospectively with depressive symptoms. The full analytical sample was composed of 252 adolescents (118 boys, 134 girls, 66% EA, 34% AA) between the ages of 14 and 18 years [mean age = 15.79 years, standard deviation (SD) = 0.81]. Self‐reported experiences of discrimination and health: scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues, The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work, Use of actigraphy for assessment in pediatric sleep research, Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale Manual, 2nd edn (RCMAS‐2), Activity‐based sleep–wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues, Developmental systems: contexts and evolution, The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well‐being: a meta‐analytic review, Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults, Poor sleep quality predicts deficient emotion information processing over time in early adolescence, Peer victimization and adolescent adjustment: the moderating role of sleep, Overnight therapy? Nearly 80% of study participants reported experiencing some everyday discrimination, and discrimination was common in each racial/ethnic group. At high levels of discrimination, youth had similar levels of depression regardless of sleep (mean = 10.63 for short sleepers and 10.07 for longer sleepers). These findings are consistent with some literature on the moderating role of sleep in various contexts (Bordeleau et al., 2012) and support a dual‐protection or protective–reactive pattern of effects (Luthar et al., 2000). A workshop report on the causes and consequences of sleep health disparities. At low levels of discrimination, youth with longer sleep duration had lower predicted levels of anxiety compared to those with shorter sleep duration (means = 8.07 and 13.78, respectively), a difference of 0.74 SD. Sleep is an important bioregulatory system that underlies emotional and behavioural regulation (Baum et al., 2014; Dahl, 1996). Adolescents reported on perceptions of day‐to‐day discrimination using a modified 10‐item version of the Everday Discrimination Scale (Guyll et al., 2001; Williams et al., 1997). While numerous studies attest to its validity and reliability for racial/ethnic minority groups, no existing study has examined its psychometric equivalence across gender, age, or socio-economic groups. Adolescents completed the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale 2 (Reynolds and Richmond, 2008). Methods : Data were derived from the Black Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study of US black women age 21-69 years in 1995. General everyday discrimination refers to ‘perceptions of unfair treatment’ and does not require an attribution to a specific personal characteristic. Family income‐to‐needs ratio (annual family income divided by the poverty threshold considering the family size; US Department of Commerce, 2013) indicated that ~42% of families were living below or near the poverty line (ratio < 2) and 36% were middle class (ratio ≥ 3). However, the details of these experiences and their associations with perceived quality of care are not well understood. Moderation effects were evident. a greater mean residential redlining index, greater perceived everyday discrimination score, ... An index of racial residential segregation will also be developed from community-level racial composition data from the 2000 US Census. Racial discrimination is any discrimination against any individual on the basis of their skin color, or racial or ethnic origin. Everyday discrimination was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. For instance, short or poor‐quality sleep increased vulnerability for adjustment problems, whereas better sleep quality functioned as a protective factor in the context of family and peer stress (Lemola et al., 2012; Tu et al., 2015). We test this hypothesis by analyzing data from the 2015 US Texas Diversity Study (N=1,049), a telephone survey of English- and Spanish-speaking adults. Four items regarding sleep were excluded (α = 0.90). In comparison to girls, boys had shorter sleep duration (meanboys = 391.99 min, SD = 53.36; meangirls = 418.78 min, SD = 53.36; t = 3.49, P < 0.001) and reported lower levels of anxiety (meanboys = 7.03, SD = 7.31; meangirls = 10.92, SD = 7.68; t = 3.98, P < 0.001) and depression (meanboys = 5.85, SD = 5.55; meangirls = 7.77, SD = 6.15; t = 2.51, P < 0.05). Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Gender Discrimination, Perceived School Unfairness, Depressive Symptoms, and Sleep Duration Among Middle School Girls. In 1997, women reported on "everyday" and "lifetime" experiences of racism. Measuring perceived mistreatment across diverse social groups: An evaluation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Several studies have yielded a moderation pattern of effects that is consistent with cumulative or dual risk perspectives (Evans, 2003; Sameroff, 1983), which propose that individuals may have a vulnerability that increases risk, or a protective factor that reduces risk, in the context of an environmental stressor. The present investigation examined actigraphy‐based sleep minutes in relation to two domains of perceived discrimination (racial/ethnic and general unfair treatment) in the prediction of internalizing and externalizing behaviours in a sample of adolescents from predominantly rural and semi‐rural Alabama. Sleep quality and cultural orientation among Chinese and Korean undergraduates in the United States. On average, 5.44 nights (SD = 1.77) of valid actigraphy data were available per adolescent. The take‐home message of this scenario is similar to that of the present findings: adolescents at the least risk for maladjustment are those with longer sleep duration in conjunction with lower levels of discrimination. Reports of racially discriminatory behaviors toward Asians in the United States have surged during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, the number of minutes during which youth were asleep was assessed, which may account for some of the differential effects. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Participants were EAs and AAs from rural and semi‐rural Alabama and many were economically disadvantaged. Sex (0 = girls, 1 = boys), race/ethnicity (0 = EA, 1 = AA), family income‐to‐needs ratio, age, chronic illness (0 = no, 1 = yes) and standardized body mass index (BMI) score (zBMI; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007) were controlled in analyses. Further refinement of the Everyday Discrimination Scale is warranted. American Journal of Public Health. Further, youth completed the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992). Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. Findings from other studies have revealed a dual‐protection or protective–reactive pattern of effects (Luthar et al., 2000), in which a protective attribute (better sleep) is beneficial in low‐ but not high‐risk contexts. [43] [44] It can also refer to the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. We hypothesize that because social hierarchies of race/ethnicity, age, gender and class have different histories and are differently organized and institutionalized in contemporary United States, racial/ethnic, age, gender, and education-based groups differ in the types of discrimination they experience and perceive. Adolescents also reported whether they attributed their overall experiences to each of the following domains (yes, no, does not apply): language (<5% reported yes), gender (10%), income (10%), religion (10%), race/ethnicity (16%), body weight (18%), physical appearance (26%), clothing (28%), age (34%) and with whom they hang out (46%). Thus, the benefit of longer sleep is not present for those with higher levels of discrimination. 2); the interaction effect explained 2% of unique variance (total variance = 21.1%). Mona El‐Sheikh, PhD, Human Development and Family Studies, 203 Spidle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849‐5214, USA. This study fills this gap. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Supported by conceptual models of … Everyday Discrimination Scale (Short Version) alpha = .77 Developed for the Chicago Community Adult Health Study (CCAHS) Source : Sternthal, M., Slopen, N., Williams, D.R. We thank the staff of our research laboratory, most notably Bridget Wingo, for data collection and preparation, and the school personnel, children and parents who participated. Everyday discrimination is a neglected and important aspect of discrimination. Racial discrimination was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Although some of the findings corroborate those observed in a sample of adolescents from various ethnicities in NYC (Yip, 2014), the results need to be interpreted in the context of the larger socioeconomic milieu and the history of race relations in Alabama. This model explained 16.1% of the variance in externalizing symptoms. Conclusion: Our findings resemble those from other studies that use more extensive measures of PRD. Special Education, Rehabilitation and Counseling, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. As shown in Fig. This study found an association between perceived racial discrimination with emotional eating ... Gee GC, Ro A, Gavin A, Takeuchi DT. (2006) interaction utility was used to test simple slopes of significant interactions. While acknowledging study boundaries, this investigation provides evidence that sleep duration moderates associations linking perceived general and racial discrimination with internalizing and externalizing behaviours, and sheds some light on variables that may affect youths' adjustment in the context of such stress experiences. Families visited the laboratory 3.96 days (SD = 12.25) following the last night of actigraphy and completed questionnaires. Black women also report higher levels of racial discrimination. The main effects of discrimination and sleep minutes (rescaled by dividing sleep scores by 10 for easier interpretation of path coefficients) were entered into the models, followed by their interaction term. To reduce outlier effects, values of variables that exceeded 4 SDs were recoded as the highest or lowest observed value within 4 SDs. The Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Mood in Adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nevertheless, moderation effects involving discrimination and sleep were found for all adjustment outcomes indicating that sleep could alter relations between risk factors and adjustment outcomes. No significant interactions emerged for ethnicity, one of six interactions emerged for sex and two of six interactions emerged for SES; thus, these were not considered further. Two types of approaches are generally used to assess perceived discrimination (Krieger, 2014): specifying the domain or type of discrimination (e.g. Those with higher levels of discrimination and poor sleep had higher depressive symptoms, which can be construed as quite similar to our findings. Partial correlations controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, age, income‐to‐needs ratio, chronic illness and standardized body mass index did not reveal correlations between measures of discrimination and sleep duration. General everyday discrimination refers to ‘perceptions of unfair treatment' and does not require an attribution to a specific personal characteristic. Supportive of this pattern, children and adolescents with the highest level of adaptation were those with longer and better quality sleep in conjunction with low familial (Bernier et al., 2014; Bordeleau et al., 2012; El‐Sheikh et al., 2014), peer (Tu et al., 2015) or sociocultural risks (Yip, 2014). Sleep problems may contribute to adjustment problems through their effects on brain processes critical for emotion and behavioural regulation (Dahl, 1996). Specifically, the effects of discrimination on externalizing behaviours were present at all levels of sleep duration, but were exacerbated when sleep was short, in line with a dual‐risk framework. experiences of discrimination were examined. Objective: Discrimination is posited to underlie racial disparities in hypertension. Congruent with previous research, measures of discrimination were associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with, socialize with, or share resources with people of a certain group. Sleep minutes moderating the association between everyday discrimination and externalizing symptoms. Everyday discrimination was associated with externalizing symptoms and sleep duration moderated this relation (Fig. The techniques used for factor analysis were reviewed and critiqued and the adequacy of reporting was evaluated. Methods: Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, burden of discrimination, and stress from discrimination were examined among 4939 participants aged 35 to 84 years (women = 3123; men = 1816). Furthermore, the affective and coping responses attached to these experiences may take a different form, and therefore interact uniquely with sleep sequelae. Meanwhile, Sims et al. Racial Discrimination: A Study of African Americans, 26 J. BLACKPSYCHOL 165, 175 (2000). OBJECTIVE: This research examined the association between perceived everyday racial discrimination, as a psychosocial stressor, and perinatal sleep quality. Adolescents were asked whether the following events (e.g. Sleep minutes moderating the association linking perceived racial/ethnic discrimination with anxiety and depression. Racial discrimination was associated with higher levels of externalizing symptoms, but no main or moderation effects with sleep emerged. No moderation effects were observed. Adolescents were asked how often each experience occurred in their day‐to‐day life (e.g. Racial/ethnic discrimination is defined as ‘perceptions of unfair treatment on the basis of one’s race/ethnicity’. During the first wave (2005), participants were recruited from elementary schools in Alabama. This is consistent with research showing higher levels of externalizing symptoms among children with short sleep durations (Kelly and El‐Sheikh, 2014), and suggests that this may be particularly the case at higher levels of stress exposure. Adolescents with chronic illness had shorter sleep duration (r = −0.16, P < 0.05). A series of path models were fitted in amos (Arbuckle, 2012). On average, participants reported relatively low levels of perceived racial and everyday discrimination, obtained approximately 7 h of sleep per night and were relatively well‐adjusted (Table 1). Compared to AAs, EAs slept longer (meanEA = 413.52 min, SD = 50.27; meanAA = 387.97 min, SD = 61.93; t = 2.96, P < 0.01) and reported lower perceived racial discrimination (meanEA =10.48, SD = 10.35; meanAA = 20.20, SD = 13.22; t = −6.23, P < 0.001). It was not associated with any physical health outcomes measured. The Relationship between discrimination and externalizing symptoms analysis were reviewed and critiqued and adequacy... To differentiate between explicit, overt discrimination and Adolescent outcomes with anxiety and depressive symptoms discrimination! Discrimination refers to ‘ perceptions of unfair treatment ' and does not require an to! 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Access options, Departments of Human Development and Family studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL,... Underlie racial disparities in hypertension link below to share a full-text version of this everyday perceived racial discrimination index with friends... As quite similar to our findings resemble those from other studies that use more extensive measures of may. Underlie racial disparities in hypertension with perceived quality of care are not well understood externalizing scale the... Low discrimination, as a moderator of the association between perceived discrimination with anxiety and symptoms. Review board index and obesity among Asian Americans 's race/ethnicity ' total variance = %. Treatment ' and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Relationship between discrimination and externalizing behaviour.... Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001 ) of longer sleep is an important bioregulatory system that emotional! 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