1957 mudukulathur riots

After the 1957 general elections, it became more or less a case of personal enmity between Muthuramalinga Thevar and Kamaraj, which percolated down to the party cadre and to members of the caste. Hindutva forces think they can break the unity between Dalits and Muslims by attacking Muslim property. Manikumar explains how Kamaraj initiated countermeasures that steadily eroded the Thevar support base. Enjoy reading as many articles as you wish without any limitations. A well-researched chronicle of one of the worst caste riots Tamil Nadu has seen, the book talks about the politics behind the incidents and their long-term implications. In 1957, there was not much awakening. With support from Pallars and Nadars, the Congress even increased its vote share in the region after the 1957 elections, although it could not post a win against Muthuramalinga Thevar. On the basis of the Venkateshwaran commission’s report, the government arrested Muthuramalinga Thevar under the Preventive Detention Act on September 28, 1957. The murder of Immanuel Sekaran precipitated the situation. In 1957, during the run-up to state assembly by-elections in Tamil Nadu, violence broke out in Mudukulathur—a southeastern town in the state—between the Thevars, the regionally dominant caste, and the Devendrakula Vellalars, a Dalit community. He became the leader of the All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) in Tamil Nadu, and was national deputy chairman of the party from 1952 onwards. Sasivarna Thevar was born in the southern part of the Madras province. Prof K.A. He argues that the differences between the two political parties, the All India Forward Bloc, led by Muthuramalinga Thevar, and the Congress, led by Kamaraj, were the main source of the hatred between the Thevars and the Pallars and between the Nadars and the Thevars. Hello Select your address Best Sellers Today's Deals Electronics Gift Ideas Customer Service Books New Releases Home Computers Gift Cards Coupons Sell The election was won by D.V. The COVID-19-induced lockdown and the absolute necessity for human beings to maintain a physical distance from one another in order to contain the pandemic has changed our lives in unimaginable ways. For political reasons, the conditions were lifted all on a sudden, without providing time for effecting a smooth social transformation. The Mudukulathur region in the same district, which in 1957 had seen a fortnight-long violence, is free of tension so far. Manikumar quotes from G.O. The Mudukulathur Assembly byelection, necessitated by Muthuramalinga Thevar’s resignation after he retained the Srivilliputhur Lok Sabha seat, was won by his supporter T.L. Before going in for class struggle, caste problems should be solved. The killing of Immanuel Sekaran in September 1957 became a major flashpoint in Tamil Nadu politics. Their assertion led to prolonged clashes in the east Ramanathapuram region, which reached a flashpoint in 1957 when Immanuel Sekaran was murdered. Dalits were then completely unorganised, uneducated. In the recent incidents in Ramanathapuram, apart from Dalits, Muslims were also targeted. Such clashes are not new—dating back to the Mudukulathur riots of 1957 at least17—but the violence of the 1990s was a direct response to Dalit assertion and attempts to escape dependence. The election was won by D.V. Scores of Dalits and Thevars were killed in riots and police firing even as property and crop were damaged. Prof K.A. The episode of violence at a Wistron iPhone assembling facility near Bengaluru was not the ploy of a set of rogue managers but is in tune with the nature of global value chains, where companies engage in exploitative practices to be profitable. The same has been the case with Pasumpon district, named after Muthuramalinga Thevar, the undisputed leader of the Maravars, Kallars and Agamudaiyars put together and an associate of Subhas Chandra Bose. The episode of violence at a Wistron iPhone assembling facility near Bengaluru was not the ploy of a set of rogue managers but is in tune with the nature of global value chains, where companies engage in exploitative practices to be profitable. in 1957, were not able to “reconcile [themselves] to the present democratic conditions and cannot believe that the feudal system is vanishing fast”. Their assertions took the shape of a movement after educated leaders started emerging from within. In the years following the riots both communities have used the memory of Mudukulathur for political mobilisation, and the event continues to have strong resonance in contemporary politics. Immanuvel devendrar was born on 9th october 1924 to Mr.Vedhanayagam (School Teacher and founder of Devendra kula vellalar sangam,Mudukulathur) and Mrs.Gnanasoundhari Ammal in a village of Sellur, which is located in Mudukulathur Taluk in Ramanathapuram district,Tamil Nadu . The killing of Immanuel Sekaran in September 1957 became a major flashpoint in Tamil Nadu politics. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. The author K.A. The election was won by D. V. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. “We cannot hold U. Muthuramalinga Thevar responsible for how people behaved during the Mudukulathur riots in 1957. The hatred for each other during the last two months resulted in a number of clashes between these two parties and was responsible for creating tension in this taluk.”, An analysis of the pattern of the conflagrations in the book indicates that the murder of Immanuel Sekaran “did not evoke any organised protest from the Dalit community [immediately]” since the caste violence “had been fierce with battles involving Thevars on one side and Pallars and Nadars on the other”. My main political agenda is to bring equality among castes and to form a new social order, in which there is no possibility of exploitation. 1957 general election Thevar ... Ramnad riots. Casteist aggressors and Hindutva forces saw the Ramanathapuram conference as a warning signal in that respect. The election was won by T.V. The Mudukulathur Riots have since been deployed by various parties in their political mobilisation. We have a good rapport with Muslims. Manikumar says that his arrest “caused no major law and order problem” and adds that “by the second week of October, the violence has abated”. To continue enjoying Frontline, you can turn off your adblocker or subscribe to Frontline digital. to T.Ladasamy servai& Guruvammal. Murder in Mudukulathur is the first extended study of this watershed moment. The antagonism between the two caste groups was not restricted to the social realm; economic factors also played a crucial role. Immanuel Sekaran was born on October 9, 1924 in Sellur village in Mudukulathur, ... Later, the C.N.Annadurai-led DMK government released all those arrested in connection with the 1957 riots. The police firing at Keelathooval village, which resulted in the death of five Thevar men on September 14, 1957, “was the outcome of the government’s determination to adopt a tough stand against Thevars”, according to Manikumar. The party's first State-level conference was held in mid-September in Ramanathapuram. on 11 September 1957.2 Immanuel's death resulted in the Mudukulathur riots, a clash between the Devendirars and Thevars that lasted for a few weeks. His observation that “conflict in any society is often an outcome of political, social and economical change” sets the tone and tenor of his work. They were under the influence and leadership of political parties run by others (other castes). It was a planned attack, organised outside the district and executed in Ramanathapuram district in the name of organising a conference. The AIADMK, which is looking for an opportunity to create conditions under which the law and order situation deteriorates, has joined hands with such forces in Ramanathapuram. The S. Venkateshwaran one-man commission of inquiry exonerated the police. And after independence, political parties used them for their own ends. In 1934 he joined the movement organized by Muthuramalinga Thevar to oppose the Criminal Tribes Act CTA. There should first be emancipation of Dalits. He refers to the editorial, titled “Stop the rot”, in The Hindu of September 22, 1957: “It is difficult to believe that the flare-up is wholly spontaneous….”. In 1952 the Congress came to power and in 1957, it returned to power amid the emergence of regional parties, mainly the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). Now most Dalits have come out of the clutches of those political parties. Although the party did not win a single seat, its performance was impressive in a few constituencies. Later, the C.N.Annadurai-led DMK government released all those arrested in connection with the 1957 riots. Owing to violence in the after math of the 1957 Mudukulathur bye-election, the district collector convened a peace meeting where all caste leaders, including the powerful Muthuramalinga Thevar of Forward Bloc, were invited. They were under the influence and leadership of political parties run by others (other castes). They were under the influence and leadership of political parties run by others (other castes). It is against this backdrop that any writing on sensitive issues such as the Mudukulathur riots, including Manikumar’s book under review, has to be viewed. What happened in Ramanatha-puram is neither a caste clash nor a communal clash that originated locally. mudukulathur riot(1957): A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on July 1, 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. IT is quite paradoxical that a socially progressive State such as Tamil Nadu should have a long and despicable track record of discriminatory practices against Dalits. Manikumar’s Murder in Mudukulathur: Caste and Electoral Politics in Tamil Nadu (2017) helps set the record straight. The document pointed out that the general election and the subsequent Mudukulathur byelection “have created a lot of misunderstanding between the Forward Bloc and the Congress parties. Since political leaders are often seen as icons of their caste community, I had to identify every person who played a part.”. The election was won by D.V. Today, there is a memorial for Immanuel Sekaran in Paramkodi in southern Tamil Nadu. After Mudukulathur, the major act of Dalit assertion resulting in violent flare-ups happened in Bodinayakkanur in today’s Theni district in Tamil Nadu in the 1980s. Ukkirapandi Muthuramalingam Thevar (30 October 1908 – 30 October 1963), also known as Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar, was an Indian political leader. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. Ramnad riots A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on July 1, 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. Though there has been a rivalry between Devendirars and Thevars since Mudukulathur riots, it cannot be reduced simply to a caste feud; rather this is rooted in the dialectics of the Only then can one think of joining hands with other forces. I have just laid the facts before the readers. Migration and, to an extent, religious conversion enabled them to gain access to employment and education. He writes: “Violence was the coin of this political commerce. His determination won the appreciation of those who had been disillusioned with the disruptive politics of Thevar.” At the same time, he takes pains to refute the allegation that Kamaraj instigated the Pallars against the Thevars in order to safeguard the Nadar community. Later, the C.N.Annadurai-led DMK government released all those arrested in connection with the 1957 riots. The resources needed to keep up the good work that Frontline has been doing for the past 35 years and more are immense. There are more than 2,000 castes even among the backward communities and more than 100 castes among the Scheduled Castes. No.45 (MS), Public (General-A), (Confidential), Department, 11, September 1958: “[Muthuramalinga] Thevar abused Immanuel Sekaran as a man of straw and questioned his audacity to sit with him on equal terms as a leader.” Muthuramalinga Thevar left the meeting after chiding his followers for allowing “Immanuel to talk back to him”; the developments eventually culminated in his murder. The Mudukulathur incident of 1957 is significant as it involved both Muthuramalinga Thevar and Immanuel Sekaran. The killing of Immanuel Sekaran in September 1957 became a major flashpoint in Tamil Nadu politics. The political developments had a direct bearing on the clashes involving Pallars and Thevars on the one hand and Nadars and Thevars on the other in East Ramanathapuram. Drawing on a vast amount of primary sources, the author narrates the sequence of events leading to the caste conflagration of 1957, and its political and social fallout. Many have written well-researched volumes on the riots and its repercussions, both in Tamil and English. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. Memories of the Mudukulathur riots have been moulded to perpetuate and intensify caste conflict in the region ever since. However, the victory triggered controversy which resulted in the murder of Congress Dalit leader Emmanuel Sekaran and fuelled the 1957 Ramnad riots . In 1957, there was not much awakening. The resources needed to keep up the good work that Frontline has been doing for the past 35 years and more are immense. Today, there is a memorial for Immanuel Sekaran in Paramkodi in southern Tamil Nadu. Although the narration lacks lucidity, with repetitions and casual editing that obstruct the reading experience, it is without doubt a valuable work on the Mudukulathur riots. The leaders brought all caste-based atrocities to the notice of the state. Subscribe to The Frontline now and get unlimited access. Move smoothly between articles as our pages load instantly. “Astute he was, his tactics to handle Muthuramalinga Thevar politically bore fruit. On the eve of the Lok Sabha elections in 1998, the DKVF metamorphosed into a political party named Puthiya Tamilagam. As a result, these communities are going back to their old ways. How would you explain this phenomenon of caste-related incidents getting a communal orientation? The election was won by D.V. Murder in Mudukulathur is the first extended study of this watershed moment. Murder in Mudukulathur is the first extended study of this watershed moment. Two kinds of violence were on display in Ramanathapuram—the violence of the dominant class and the violence of the oppressed.” He says that the former’s was to subjugate the oppressed while the latter’s was to uphold the dignity of life. ... and special precautionary measures were put into operation in Mudukulathur taluk. The Communist Party of India was denied permission to attend it. Owing to violence in the after math of the 1957 Mudukulathur bye-election, the district collector convened a peace meeting where all caste leaders, ... he was killed leading to days of caste violence across the district. Panikkar, convened a peace meeting at Mudukulathur on September 10, 1957, which was attended by Muthuramalinga Thevar and his men, Perumal Peter and Immanuel Sekaran, and Veluchamy Nadar, a representative of the Nadar caste. The print medium all over the world is no exception. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. The Nadars accused the Thevars of organising a boycott of Nadar shops. You were a Marxist earlier in your political career. The election was won by T.V. Today, there is a memorial for Immanuel Sekaran in Paramkodi in southern Tamil Nadu. He writes: “So the argument that the Pallars rioted only at the instance of the Chief Minister Kamarajar or some wealthy merchants of the Nadar community scarcely holds water.”, At the book’s launch in Chennai, Manikumar said: “I have tried to deal with it as dispassionately as possible. Sekaran, who represented dalits, is believed to have refused to stand up when Muthuramalinga T walked in. He has been vocal and fairly consistent in his ideologies That being said, let's see this case “rationally” and why leaders like Thol. Copyright © 2021, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. 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Copyright © 2021, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. The Kallars, Maravars and Agamudaiyars, who call themselves Thevars, are the traditionally denotified tribes, and their concentration is heavy in the southern districts. Exploiting the volatile situation, the then Congress party and Kamaraj set off a series of political manoeuvres that dislodged the Thevars from their dominant position. “Between July 1995 and June 1996, clashes between Thevars and Pallars resulted in large-scale destruction of property, loss of life on both sides” (Human Rights Watch 1999:84). Dalits' problems can be solved by none other than Dalits. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. In Tamil Nadu too, at the top of the pyramid of the caste system are Brahmins. This incident triggered a political and social churning that continues to influence politics in Tamil Nadu. In between there are many intermediate castes. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. He did significant work among Dalit victims of the brutal police action at Kodiyankulam in Tuticorin district in 1995 (Frontline, October 20, 1995). Do you think that Dalits' problems can be solved in isolation from the struggle by other oppressed sections of society? MUDUKULATHUR RIOT(1957): A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on July 1, 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. Prof K.A. The Pallars recollect the riots as the first bold sign of resistance against the caste-based slavery they had languished under for centuries. A well-researched attempt to document the social conflict, the book traces the history of the Mudukulathur riots. The Thevars remember the riots as “state violence,” unleashed by the then Congress government led by K. Kamaraj, to destroy the esteem their leader, Muthuramalinga Thevar, enjoyed among the members of his caste and the caste’s dominance in the region. N. Ram, Chairman, THG Publishing Private Limited, who spoke on the occasion, said: “The author should be praised for providing a critical historical account of what happened in 1957 and for treading a difficult ground as it could lead to a reaction.” The author has anchored his arguments in archived records, quoting extensively from various sources, especially the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly’s debates and notes on the failed no-confidence motion moved against the then Congress government, to explain the politics behind the clashes. Sasivarna Thevar won the by-election for the Mudukulathur assembly constituency vacated by Muthuramalinga Thevar, in July1957, the pro-Congress dalits clashed with pro-AIFB Thevars, and the clashes spread throughout the constituency. They have their own flags; now they are well organised. In an interview to S. Viswanathan he discussed Dalit-related issues and explains his party's political agenda. on 11 September 1957.2 Immanuel's death resulted in the Mudukulathur riots, a clash between the Devendirars and Thevars that lasted for a few weeks. The election was won by T.V. Dalits are confident of protecting themselves from atrocities... You launched the DKVF but have converted it into a political outfit, Puthiya Tamilagam. As the distribution of printed copies is unlikely to resume any time soon, Frontline will come to you only through the digital platform until the return of normality. Muthuramalinga Thevar questioned the participation of Immanuel Sekaran, saying that “he [Muthuramalinga Thevar] was the sole representative of both Thevars and Pallars”. Memories of the Mudukulathur riots have been moulded to perpetuate and intensify caste conflict in the region ever since. You have reached your limit for free articles this month. In the 1930s, with the help of Christian missionaries, Dalits got educated and subsequently became economically empowered. https://mayday.leftword.com/blog/post/murder-in-mudukulathur However, in a later chapter, he acknowledges that “the Pallar retaliation was certainly due to the work of Immanuel Sekaran”. By then, the animosity between Muthuramalinga Thevar and Kamaraj had become intense. The Mudukulathur riots and Dalits like Immanuel Sekaran did not figure even in the Dravidian discourse or Non-Brahmin Movement as a problematique. Murder in Mudukulathur is the first extended study of this watershed moment. As the distribution of printed copies is unlikely to resume any time soon, Frontline will come to you only through the digital platform until the return of normality. Congress Reform Committee (CRC) was formed just one month before the 1957 elections to the Lok Sabha and the Madras state legislative assembly. Between the Mudukulathur riots of 1957 and the caste-related violence in recent years, do you see any significant change in the Dalit response? He later joined the Indian National Congress. ... the 1957 ramnad riots, in which 42 dalits were killed, occurred as a consequence of devendrar's murder. Can it be separated from class struggle? CRC was formed just one month before the 1957 elections to the Lok Sabha and the Madras state legislative assembly. It is a long journey indeed. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. Drawing on a vast amount of primary sources, the author narrates the sequence of events leading to the caste conflagration of 1957, and its political and social fallout. The situation in the area was tense on the day that the results were released, and there was a sizeable presence of police forces in place. Sasivarna Thevar. Excerpts: How is it that caste-related violence has occurred mostly in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu? An upsurge could be seen among the Pallars in the 1940s and the 1950s. The election was won by T.V. If Dalits, with about 20 per cent presence in the State, and Muslims, with 12-15 per cent presence unite, it can signal the emergence of a formation that will be formidable. Krishnasamy was detained under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) during the Emergency in 1976. Only unity among equals will be effective and lasting. Dalit assertion today is growing, with a new breed of educated and economically empowered Dalits, including a tiny group of radical Ambedkarites, active in the social and literary arenas, besides engaging themselves in grass-roots-level activism. Unto themselves ” in the region ever since special precautionary measures 1957 mudukulathur riots put into operation in Mudukulathur the... Party named Puthiya Tamilagam seemingly caused a shift in the recent incidents in district. 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