Effects of Steel Slag and Biochar Incorporation on Active Soil … This study intended to explore the effectiveness of using fine steel slag aggregate (FSSA) in improving the geotechnical properties of high plastic subgrade soil. This steel can be recycled. Licensee IntechOpen. The pH value measuring, granulation and adsorption experiments were carried out to determine the optimal composition of soil amendment. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How-ever, fertilizers and soil amendments represent an ecofriendly appli-cation wherein the advantageous chemical properties of steelmaking slag can be utilized to promote the growth of plants and increase the yield of agricultural products. factor of steel slag utilization depending on the properties it can be used as road aggregate, cement and concrete admixture, soil stabilizer, construction materials, etc. Like the old basic slag our grade of steel works slag called Super Slag Basic is principally a lime based material which has absorbed the oxides and trace elements arising from the refining of iron. Financial Express is now on Telegram. Steel slag contains calcium, silicon, manganese, phosphate and iron. We chose steel slag from the steel industry as the test material to improve soil . The steel slag, ladle slag, and stainless steel slag (chemical characterization in Tables 1 and 2) applied as soil acidity correctives, at the dose necessary to raise the initial soil saturation to 70%, did not change the soil metals content evaluated at 12 and 23 months after the application of residues, and the Pb content decreased with the application of residues [7]. The mix ratio of the dredged soil and steel slag adopted was guided by past reports in similar studies (Table 2).It can be seen that most researchers used 10% and more of steel slag addition, except for Manso et al. Steel slags can be used in several activities, such as construction and paving, and also in the agricultural sector due to its ability to correct soil acidity, as it contains some nutrients for the plants and also as silicate fertilizer that is capable of providing silicon to the plants. Depending on the used production technology, the steel slag can be divided into a basic oxygen steel slag, an electric arc furnace slag and a ladle furnace slag (De Brito and Saika, 2013). SSS, stainless steel slag; SS, steel slag; LS, ladle slag; BFS, blast furnace slag; W, wollastonite. To quickly correct a lowlH or acid soil problem, a finer graded agricultural slag material should be used. The increase of heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), was insignificant compared to the application of 8 t/ha [32]. After 18 months of reaction, the steel slag corrected the soil acidity up to 0.60 m and increased the bases up to 0.40 m, while the effects of the lime were observed until 0.20 m [28]. The application of steel slag in the soil increases the concentration of Si in the rice straw and promotes a higher yield of grains [40]. Is Slag the Future of Sustainable Pavements? The results of the researchers with the use of steel slag in agriculture have demonstrated that the proper application of these residues brings benefits on the chemical attributes of the soil, such as increase of pH in acidic soils; increase in the nutrient content of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium; and increase in the content of the beneficial element silicon [6, 11, 12, 13, 14]; these aspects contribute to greater crop production. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Disease X to haunt 2021? nutrients and rice production. On the other hand, the study conducted by [7] with surface application of steel slag, blast furnace slag, ladle furnace slag, and stainless steel slag at the installation of the no-tillage system presented that the ladle furnace slag, stainless steel slag, and steel slag had similar efficiency to the lime in the neutralization of soil acidity at 24 months after application. In agriculture, slags can be used as fertilizers and corrective of soil acidity [1]. SSS, stainless steel slag; SS, steel slag; LS, ladle slag; W, wollastonite; NP, neutralization power; RR, reactivity rate, expresses the percentage of corrective material that reacts in 3 months; ECC, effective calcium carbonate. 95 . This leads to reduction of landfills reserved for For production of every tone of steel, nearly 150 kg of slag is generated [6]. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. The presence of heavy metals in steel slag is one of the problems with its use that at high levels, it can become toxic and limit its use in agricultural activities. The effects of optimized steel slag as accelerant in the AD of cow manure and the fertility utilization of the digestate were investigated. Steel slag may now be used as fertiliser for soil - The Financial … The supply of P and Si available in the soil for the potato crop, through the application of slag, increased the absorption of these nutrients by the plant, decreasing the lodging and increasing the height of plants and the production of tubers [17]. of slag is produced in Gilan, which contains valuable materials and compounds. This paper presents a new soil amendment used for immobilization of soil Pb, produced from vinegar residue, stainless steel slag, and weathered coal. Also, studying the effect of slag in rice crop, [41] observed an increase of base saturation and availability of silicon and phosphorus in the soil, with a consequent increase in grain yield, Si content, and accumulation in rice straw, in 2 years of cultivation. Examples of slags are steel slag, stainless steel slag, ladle furnace slag, and blast furnace slag; all of these residues have already been tested for agricultural use at some moment, as will be shown in the chapter. The application of steel slag was also studied in acidic tropical soils cultivated under no-tillage system. In addition to the decrease in acidity levels, Ca and Mg supply also occurs in soil [6, 11, 12], with positive effects for crops such as potatoes, rice, black oats, beans, soybeans, alfalfa, coffee, and sugarcane, among others, making steel slag a source capable of being used instead of limestone [11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23]. Studies conducted by [19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28] showed positive effects in soil acidity correction of surface application of steel slag compared to lime in no-tillage system, in tropical soil. Ratio of Mixture. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. In addition to the corrective effect of the slag, several studies point to the efficiency of slag to increase phosphorus nutrient in the soil [7, 17, 19]. India imported 5.5 million tonne urea, 4.4 million tonne DAP and 3.7 million tonnes of potash in 2016-17. An Overview of Use of Linz-Donawitz (LD) Steel Slag in Agriculture Sustainability 2020, 12, 9295 3 of 9 2.3. Only in Germany, 20% of the total steel slag is used as fertilizer or soil reformer in agriculture. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. removal and replacement, pre compression, vertical drains and soil reinforcement. Now the third-largest steelmaker in the world, India produces over 12 million tonnes of slag each year, but less than 20% of that is used in the cement industry while the remaining keeps piling up at the steel mills, while countries like USA and Japan use slags extensively (more than 70% of the produce) in areas such as housing and road construction, land and mine filling. 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So, this chapter aims to emphasize the main aspects of the application of slags to soil chemical attributes as elevation of pH and neutralization of Al3+ toxic in acid soils and increase nutrient content as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, some micronutrients, and silicon. Some researchers attribute the P content increase with the use of slag due to the competition between Si and P that occurs through the same adsorption sites of soil colloids. [] who used no more than 5% slag in their work.Note also that, apart from Grubb et al. These processes can occur in different types of furnaces such as basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace [5]. plants can be harvested and the con-taminated plant material disposed of safely. Usage in sinter mix-Steelmaking slag contains high percentage of CaO (mostly above 50 %). Soil improvement and fertilizer: ... magnetic separation and screening process. The steel slag is used as a secondary cementitious binder, or aggregates for road … On the other hand, investigations Steel slag produced from basic oxygen and Iron & Steel Slag Beneficially Reused Click here to join our channel and stay updated with the latest Biz news and updates. The three major steel manufacturing factories in Jordan dump their byproduct, steel slag, randomly in open areas, which causes many environmental hazardous problems. The steel ministry has requested the agriculture ministry to look into the scope of using these slags particularly in areas, mostly in the eastern part of the country, having acidic soils, where productivity is lower. Available from: Post-Consumer Waste Recycling and Optimal Production, Steel slag modifying soil chemical attributes, Department of Soil and Environmental Resources, College of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University, Brazil, Paulista Agency Agribusiness Technology Regional Midwest Pole, Brazil, Paulista Agency Agribusiness Technology, Regional Pole Midwest, Brazil, Federal Institute of Techonology North of Minas Gerais, Januária, Brazil. Due to the fact that the limes present low solubility in water and little movement in the soil profile [24], the study of the use of slags (silicates) in no-tillage system has increased due to the greater solubility of this residue [2]. Steel can also undergo a greater process of refinement, into a ladle and, at the end of the process, to generate ladle steel slag [5]. The homogeneous application of the residue in the area and the adequate incorporation in the soil are also important aspects to be considered. We can also observe different concentrations of Si and P2O5 in the different slags. Tropical soils are characterized by being acid with excess of Al3+ that is a toxic element to plants because it limits the root development. The no-tillage system is growing in these areas; however, one of the requirements for the success of this system is that there is no soil revolving, so the acidity corrective material should be applied to the surface without incorporation. How? ), a steel slag, furnace slag, etc. The main chemical components, which slags contain in their composition and which are important for their use in agriculture, are CaO, MgO, SiO2, P2O5, FeO, and MnO. The application of slag can neutralize part of the soil acidity; this occurs because these materials have in their composition the neutralizing base SiO32− [15] that reacts in water and releases hydroxyl (OH−) ions, according to the equations below [2]: The value of the ionization constant (Kb1) shows that SiO32− is a weak base, that is, the OH− forming reaction is relatively slow and partial. The chemical evaluation of soil acidity correctives for agricultural purposes consists of the following determinations: neutralization power (NP) and calcium and magnesium contents [8]. In weathered soils, such as those of the cited studies, the presence of colloids with pH-dependent charges represents more than 70% of the total cation binding sites. Steelmaking slag is officially speci- All these methods fall into two broad categories (FM 5-410) namely; - mechanical stabilization Under this category, soil stabilization achieved through physical process can be The different slags have different contents about the components that characterize a material as soil acidity corrective that can provide different effects in the neutralization of the soil acidity. Calcium silicate is 6.78 times more soluble than lime [2], so the use of steel slag in the no-tillage system can be an important alternative source for the process of soil acidity correction, because it may promote greater mobility of SiO32− anions in soil profile, ensuring faster soil acidity correction in deeper layers in relation to the lime. Especially in densely populated In the soil, heavy metals can be adsorbed by specific reactions (chemosorption) influenced by soil pH or nonspecific [33]. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of different steel slags compared to wollastonite which is a rock and is considered as the standard of silicates [7]. This plant has been used to extract lead from soil and reduce lead contamination at 7. soil, in order to evaluate possible harmful effects after slag application for agricultural purposes and to avoid their possible negative environmental impacts, as well as the use of steel slags for metal stabilisation in contaminated soils. This category of soil improvement is widely and commonly used. The chemical composition of CaO, SiO2, and MgO in steel slag was the same as that of the raw inorganic fertilizer material, in terms of composition and also contained e ective components such as FeO, In China, the first steel slag fertilizer program invested by Taiyuan Iron and Steel Group and Harsco Corporation of the USA started building in 2011 [4]. The steel industry generates large volumes of slag, which are considered as an environmental problem; it is necessary to increase the use of this waste in new processes to avoid disposal in landfills. *Address all correspondence to: angeldeys@hotmail.com, Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste. The slag obtained from the steel industry is a mixture of silica, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminium and iron oxides. Thus, in this soil type, the acidity correction is of great importance in the adsorption of heavy metals [33]. Built by scientists, for scientists. Steel works slag is a by-product of the basic oxygen steel making process used by Corus at their Port Talbot, Scunthorpe and Teeside works. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter. The steel residues have very variable chemical composition due to the different processes to obtain them, becoming the important quantification of these elements in the soil and the crops after long-term residue application. The divergence of the results reported above with the application of slag in no-tillage system can be explained by the chemical composition of these residues, because the industrial process promotes the production of several types of slag, with different recrystallization depending on the amount of Ca and Mg and of the cooling time, aspects that may reduce its solubility [29]. Soil stabilization can be accomplished by several methods. Angélica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Rosemary Marques de Almeida Bertani, Guilherme Constantino Meirelles, Anelisa de Aquino Vidal Lacerda Soares, Lais Lorena Queiroz Moreira, Leonardo Theodoro Büll and Dirceu Maximino Fernandes (December 31st 2018). Similarly, both the converter slag and the electric arc furnace slag are mainly utilized for road and civil construction, ground improvement and reuse within the steel plant. The use of metallurgical solid wastes such as steel slag, in agricultural activity, has become very important to contribute to reducing the accumulation of such wastes in the environment and to increase crop production. In agriculture, slag aggregates (Ag-Slag) have been used as an agricultural liming material since the 1920's in all types of crop production and landscaping. Considering the Brazilian legislation of soil acidity corrective materials [9], for example, all the slags evaluated in Table 1 can be considered as an alternative source to limestone, because the values of NP and somatory (%) of CaO and MgO are according to the established values of 60% ECaCO3 and 30%, respectively; this means that the application of such materials allows good performance in the neutralization of soil acidity. Due to the characteristics of these secondary materials, respectively due to the high content of calcium oxide, they can be used on agricultural lands in order to neutralize the soil acidity and implicitly, for a better The Comprehensive Utilization of Steel Slag in Agricultural Soils, Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste, Yingyi Zhang, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81440. amendment for increasing rice yields in a subtropical paddy field in Fujian Province . Although the above studies did not observe an increase in the heavy metals’ levels in soil and plants, monitoring of the availability of these toxic elements in the soil and in the plant, as well as the characterization of the residue to be used, is fundamental for the success in the residues used in agriculture. Steelmaking slag can be used for desulphurization due to its high CaO, especially free CaO content. One type of plant used for this purpose is called Indian mustard. It is noted that some materials have a higher amount of micronutrients, for example, the steel slag with a higher presence of iron than the other materials and the blast furnace slag with higher content of manganese; the presence of higher micronutrients could be interesting to provide this element for the plant. for blast furnace slag and 100 000 tons for steelmaking slag. Slags are calcium and magnesium silicates, which show neutralizing action due to SiO32− base [2]. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. | For Construction Pros The hydroxyl (OH−) produced neutralizes the H+ of the soil solution and the phytotoxic Al3+, and, consequently, there is an increase in pH and a decrease in the concentration of the potential acidity (H + Al) [16]. This occurs due to the application of slag (silicates) to generate a concentration gradient of the anion silicate (SiO32−), which removes the P adsorbed to the colloids of Fe and Al oxides from the soil, which under the conditions of the tropical soils are in great quantity [30]. Plant Nutr., 43 (2), 329-341, 1997 Dissolution of Slag Fertilizers in a Paddy Soil and Si Uptake by Rice Plant1 Naoto Kato2 and Naoto Owa3 Department of Farm Chemicals, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, 305 Japan Received February 16, 1996; accepted in revised form June 26, 1996 However, ladle steel slag, resulting from further refining, is quite different from steel slag [5]. For proper application, the initial chemical characterization of the soil to calculate the dose either for use as corrective of soil acidity or fertilizers is important. Additionally, steel slags have been used as a low-cost source to supply Si to rice plants [3]. Developed countries like Japan, USA have taken lead in making fertilisers as slag silicate fertiliser, by-produced lime fertiliser, slag phosphate fertiliser or iron matter of special fertiliser using steel-making slag. pH, base saturation (V%), and Al3+ content at different depths of a dystrophic Red Latosol at 27 months after surface application of lime, centrifuged sewage sludge (LC), steel slag, and lama cal (Lcal) in the no-tillage system (source: [22]). Aspects related to monitoring the presence of heavy metals will be addressed. “The use of steel slag may be one of the most green solution which may avoid accumulation of large wastes in steel plants as well as help in treatment of soil for improving crop productivity at low cost,” the steel ministry said. Soil replacement is one of the oldest and simplest methods By Angélica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Rosemary Marques de Almeida Bertani, Guilherme Constantino Meirelles, Anelisa de Aquino Vidal Lacerda Soares, Lais Lorena Queiroz Moreira, Leonardo Theodoro Büll and Dirceu Maximino Fernandes, Submitted: May 11th 2018Reviewed: September 10th 2018Published: December 31st 2018, Home > Books > Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste. Almost 72% of blast furnace slag is used as cement, and other main uses are road material and concrete [2]. It was concluded that steel slag pretreatment used in the tsunami-inundated agricultural lands produced a noteworthy improvement in soil quality which lead to a positive stimulative effect on plant growth, and the slag addition treatment proved to be a promising treatment that might be used for phytostabilization of slightly contaminated soils. 4) Adsorption, based on the fact that almost all heavy metal ions can be fixed and adsorbed by clay mineral (bentonite, zeolite, etc. Micronutrients and heavy metal contents in different slags. Ag-Slag is more often coarser than limestone but should be adequate to maintain proper levels of soil pH. SOIL IMPROVEMENT WITHOUT ADMIXTURES. Chemical and physical characterization of different slags. As a result of growing environmental awareness, iron and steel slag is highly regarded as a recycled material that can reduce impacts on the environment due to its resource-conservation and energy-saving effects. Inside the furnaces, oxygen pressure is injected to remove impurities such as gaseous carbon monoxide, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and some iron as liquid oxides; these impurities combine with lime and dolomitic lime to form the steel slag. The pH and CEC and the presence of cations affect the adsorption and ionic speciation of heavy metals in soils [34]. Heavy metal contents in the slags shown in Table 1 agree with the values which are considered tolerable for application to the soil [10]. Developed countries like Japan, USA have taken lead in making fertilisers as slag silicate fertiliser, by-produced lime fertiliser, slag phosphate fertiliser or iron matter of special fertiliser using steel-making slag. These variations may lead to possible increase in the content of these elements in the soil and increase in the availability to the plants. Bioremediation approaches assist in the removal of heavy metals in the soil. The materials are used to maximise yields of cultivated crops and pasture, improve soil texture and neutralize high soil acidity. The amount of these components in each slag varies widely depending on raw materials, type of steel made, furnace conditions, and other aspects [4, 5]. In addition, the advance in studies of the utilization of these residues in no-tillage systems in tropical soils will be discussed. © 2018 The Author(s). [] and Manso et al. Silicon may bring benefits to plants such as reduction of foliar diseases; improvement in pest control; increase in photosynthetic capacity due to the silicon benefit to the architectural activity of the plant, leaving the leaves more upright [32]; and improvement in the use of water by the plant [35]. Table 2 indicates the micronutrients and heavy metal contents in different slags [7]. 96 . It is also easier to spread, particularly in a damp condition. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Govt readies proposal to formalise WFH facility for services sector, New NPS Rule: Eligibility condition to get lump sum compensation modified for these employees, Bird Flu in India 2021 Latest Updates: Cases reported in Kerala, Himachal, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, When to do an IPO? Also, the additions of heavy metals were not observed in the plant tissue of beans, soybean, and black oats cultivated in the area where the slags were applied [7, 32]. Correction of acidity with slag occurs similarly to the use of limestone. Steel slag, an unavoidable by-product in iron and steel production, may soon finds its way into agricultural land as soil nutrient, potentially cutting down India’s dependence on fertiliser imports. Slag application favors the increase of pH and the availability of nutrients such as Ca, Mg, and Si in the soil, which leads to the increase in the absorption of these elements by the plant, favoring the growth and yield of the crops. “Productivity of such soils are low mainly due to the fact that in areas of high rainfall, soils become acidic as a result of their reaction as soluble basic salts like calcium, manganese and potash, are leached away by drainage water and insoluble acidic residues impaired biological activity, low base saturation and other acidity-induced soil plant nutritional and fertility problems,” the steel ministry wrote. Slags application may supply silicon which is considered a beneficial element to plants. 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(PDF) Steel Slag Utilization — Overview in Indian Perspective | … In 2005, about 21 million tons of domestic iron and steel slag, valued at about $326 million, were consumed.15 Iron or blast furnace slag accounted for about 60% of the tonnage sold and was worth about $290 million; about 85% of this value was 2006 granulated slag. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. Nitrogen fertilization associated with steel slag also increases the dry mass production and the absorption of Si by the marandu grass [42]. Because overall steel production electric arc furnacevia in s We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. Others relate the P content increase with the increase of the soil pH provided by these materials, as well as greater solubilization of the organic phosphorus and the labile fraction, increasing its content in the form available to the plants. Production steel slag, etc of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and brown spot [..., Dong Liu, Lie-Jun Li, Ming-Hua Bai, Yanzhong Jia and Wensheng Qiu to spread particularly. We can also observe different concentrations of Si and P2O5 in the soil, heavy metals will be.! Hectare is covered by acid soils the root development one type of plant used for this is... The country generate large volumes of steel slag was also studied steel slag can be used for improvement of agricultural soil acidic tropical soils under... Optimal composition of soil amendment quickly correct a lowlH or acid soil problem, steel... Your publications the different slags [ 7 ], most importantly, scientific progression hotmail.com! Results if the material can be put to effective use * Address all correspondence to: @! Agricultural fertilizer production binders to the weak soils ( Rogers et al tonnes of in. Category of soil acidity [ 1 ] of P2O5 ( Table 1 ) texture and neutralize high acidity! Agricultural soil provides best results if the material can be incorporated into the top 15 cm of soil acidity 1! Million tonnes of potash in 2016-17 steelmaking slag and corrective of soil amendment speciation of metals... Times, it still depends on imports to bridge the demand-supply gap and CEC and the presence of cations the. Freely available to all because it limits the root development ), a steel slag more! Occurs similarly to the weak soils ( Rogers et al, 1996.. Corrective of soil improvement is widely and commonly used plants in the content of Si, while SS has great. Production and the fertility utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste only in Germany, 20 % free... 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