According to police reported crime statistics, women account for about 8 in 10 victims of intimate partner violence. The decrease in the national number of homicides in 2018 was a result of notably fewer homicides in Alberta (-38 victims), British Columbia (-30), Quebec (-10) and Nova Scotia (-10). Most Read. Over the last 10 years, there have been 262 incidents involving more than one victim of homicide. To be included in the CMA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the central urban area, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. Due to a lack of annual estimates of the Canadian population by Indigenous identity, the population counts used here were either calculated or projected, depending on the years. The study estimated that the global rate was 7.6 intentional homicides per 100,000 inhabitants for 2004. Excludes 17% of gang-related homicides committed with a firearm where the type of firearm used was reported as unknown. Representing less than 0.2% of all violent crimes in Canada in 2018, homicides account for a fraction of all police-reported violent Criminal Code offences (Moreau 2019).Note
Homicides may be solved months or years after they occur. were committed with a handgun. The Provincial North comprises the northern regions of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador, according to the definition agreed on by the Northern Development Ministers Forum and used by the Conference Board of Canada’s Centre for the North. For the purposes of the Homicide Survey, Aboriginal identity includes those identified as First Nations persons (either status or non-status), Métis, Inuit, or an Aboriginal identity where the Aboriginal group is not known to police. The decrease in the national number of homicides was a result of notably fewer homicides in Alberta (-38 homicides), British Columbia (-30), Quebec (-10) and Nova Scotia (-10). 85-002-X. Rates are calculated per 100,000 inhabitants. Further, homicide rates may influence perceptions of safety within communities (Romer et al. Toronto surpassed the largest number of homicides ever recorded in a CMA. [7] UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) reported a global average intentional homicide rate of 6.2 per 100,000 population for 2012 (in their report titled "Global Study on Homicide 2013"). By Muri Assunção. The Homicide Survey collects updates for previously reported homicides to revise the solved status and to allow for the collection of additional details gathered throughout homicide investigations, if applicable. In addition, the database excludes deaths, and associated accused records, which are not deemed as homicides by police any longer (i.e., occurrences of self-defence, suicide, criminal negligence causing death that had originally been deemed, but no longer considered homicides, by police). Although Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut normally have lower numbers of homicide than the provinces, the relatively low population count translates to higher and unstable rates, making it difficult to compare the data (Table 1b). It was therefore impossible to linearly interpolate Indigenous populations consistently between 2011 and 2016. The UNODC report has bar charts and timeline graphs of homicide rates for subregions. Subregion counts are not found in the report, but may be calculated by manually totaling the counts for each country in a subregion. With 8 homicides in 2018, Nunavut recorded its highest number of homicides since it became a territory in 1999. When comparing the rates of all 100 countries, Canada ranked 47 with a rate of 1.8 per 100,000. Throughout this article, the calculation of percentage change is based on unrounded data. The closest accused represents the accused with the closest relationship to the victim at the time of the homicide incident. Unfortunately, Honduras also has the highest incidence of firearm-related deaths in the world. Most notably, the majority of Ontario’s increase were due to 49 more homicides in the census metropolitan area of Toronto. The national rates for both firearm-related (-8%) and gang-related (-5%) homicides declined in 2018. A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more live in the urban core. The term Indigenous will be used in place of Aboriginal throughout this report. Excludes 14% of homicides where the motive was reported as unknown. While gang-related homicides declined in 5 provinces, the largest decreases in gang-related homicide were reported in British Columbia (-12 homicides) and Alberta (-9) (Table 5a). Indigenous accused peoples were younger than non-Indigenous accused in 2018. In 2018, 77% of homicide victims killed by a current or previous spouse or an intimate partner were female (Table 9). U.S. murder/homicide rate for 2017 was 5.32, a 1.37% decline from 2016. The term ‘cleared’ is widely recognized by North American and international law enforcement agencies. 1. p. 366-383. Information on persons accused of homicide are only available for solved incidents (i.e., where at least one accused has been identified). The solved rate for Indigenous and non-Indigenous females was almost the same (86% and 88% respectively). Windsor reported 10 homicides in 2018, 7 more than 2017 and the highest number for that CMA in the last 25 years. The highest rates of homicide were among Indigenous male victims, followed by Indigenous females and non-Indigenous males. All rights reserved. Using data from Statistics Canada's Homicide Survey, this Juristat article examines changes in homicides in Canada over time and examines the characteristics of homicides committed in 2018. National homicide rate increases in 2019, notably in the Prairie provinces. Among the CMAs, the highest rate of firearm-related homicides in 2018 was in Abbotsford-Mission (2.55 per 100,000 population), followed by Regina (1.55 per 100,000 population). Excludes 14% of accused for which the suspected presence of a mental or developmental disorder was reported as unknown. Differences emerged, however, depending on the sex of the victim. Each reporting year, the UCR includes revised data reported by police for the previous survey year. Aboriginal identity reported as 'unknown' by police includes instances where police are unable to determine the Aboriginal identity of the victim or accused person, where Aboriginal identity is not collected by the police service, or where the accused person has refused to disclose their Aboriginal identity to police. Notably, the murder of two police officers accounted for 2 of the 13 homicides in New Brunswick in 2018. Hotton Mahony, T. and J. Turner. Throughout this period, stabbings have accounted for 29% to 31%. In the 2018 incident where a semi-trailer truck struck a bus transporting the Humboldt Broncos, a Saskatchewan junior ice hockey team near Armley, Saskatchewan, the bus driver was charged with criminal negligence causing death and causing injury as 16 people were killed and 13 injured (The Globe and Mail 2018). Excludes 16% of homicides where the closest accused relationship was reported as unknown. The following 50 cities have the highest murder rates in the world of all cities not at war, with a population of at least 300,000 people, and all relevant data available online. Handguns continued to be the most used firearm in homicides in 2018 with 57% of all firearm-related homicides being committed with a handgun. This marks the first decrease in firearm-related homicides since 2013 and the first decrease in gang-related homicides since 2014. Youth accused of homicide in 2018 were as likely as adults to be involved in a gang-related incident (14% of youth and 13% of adult accused). Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other institutions. While the average age for Indigenous victims was 32 years, non-Indigenous victims were, on average, 39 years of age. 91-552-X. Within the Homicide Survey, homicides are classified into the year in which they become known to or are deemed homicides by police. The number of gang-related homicides more than doubled in the province of Quebec from 15 victims in 2017 to 32 in 2018. The rate of homicide in Canada was 1.82 victims per 100,000 population in 2009. The Homicide Survey is a police-reported source of data, therefore it does not track court-related outcomes for homicide incidents such as decisions put forth by Crown attorneys, convictions, or sentencing-related information. In 2018, Ontario reported 3 more gang-related homicides over 2017. [15] The two sources usually match in the Americas, Europe and Oceania, but there are large discrepancies for the three African countries reporting both sources. Although information from the 2016 Census of Population broken down by Aboriginal identity was available at the time this Juristat article was written, the coverage studies that would have been used to adjust the 2016 data for net undercoverage were not. Research suggests that intentional homicide demographics are affected by changes in trauma care, leading to changed lethality of violent assaults, so the intentional homicide rate may not necessarily indicate the overall level of societal violence. Although details on these incidents are not available prior to 1974, counts are available from the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR) and are included in the historical aggregate totals. Toronto accounted for 14 of the additional 36 firearm-related homicides in the province, while other CMA’s accounted for 9 (Table 3b). The province of Quebec, however, saw more than twice as many gang-related homicides in 2018. Excludes 1% of homicides where the closest accused relationship was reported as unknown. There are cases where homicides become known to police months or years after they occurred. Trussler, T. 2010. Thunder Bay, with 1 more homicide than 2017, had the highest rate of all homicides at 6.38 victims per 100,000 population. This was also the case for Indigenous male victims (10.14 per 100,000 Indigenous males in 2018; 12.98 in 2017; and 12.30 for the average between 2014 and 2017). Excludes less than 1% of victims where the previous conviction was reported as unknown. In 2019, police reported 678 homicides, 20 more than the previous year. [14] The homicide rates derived from criminal justice data (typically recorded by police authorities) and the public health system data (recorded when the cause of death is established) may diverge substantially for some countries. However, for male victims, 76% of homicides involving Indigenous male victims were solved compared to 56% of homicides involving non-Indigenous male victims. [15], Deaths resulting from an armed conflict between states are never included in the count. Row numbers are static. Decreases in Edmonton in 2018 may be attributed to fewer homicides committed by strangers (-5), but it should be noted that the number of firearm and gang-related homicides in that CMA remained the same as in 2017. Therefore, although these homicides occurred over a 7 year period beginning in 2010, they were discovered in 2018 and are included in the count for 2018. This incident, therefore, is not included within the scope of the Homicide Survey. 1 Includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. There were 157 gang-related homicides in 2018, 6 fewer than in 2017.Note Gang-related homicides continued to account for about one-quarter (24%) of all homicides in 2018 and the rate (0.42 per 100,000 population) decreased 5% from the previous year. Multiple-victim incidents account for 5% of all homicide incidents and represent 10% of all victims over that period. Overall, 65% of homicides of Indigenous victims (91 victims) occurred in rural areas and small towns, and 35% occurred in a census metropolitan area (CMA) (49 victims). Historically, either shooting or stabbing have been the most common method used to commit homicide in Canada. The terms ‘solved’ and ‘cleared’ are used synonymously in this article to describe homicide incidents where police investigation has led to the identification of an accused person (charged/suspect-chargeable) and whether a charge has been laid or recommended, or cleared by other means. While it is possible for a person to have more than one prior conviction, police are asked only to indicate the most serious. San Pedro Sula, in the northwest of the country, is at the center of much of this small Central American country's violence. While the number of spousal homicides increased by 9—6 male victims and 3 female victims—in 2018, Canada saw fewer homicides committed by other family members (-16), intimate partners (-3), acquaintances (-15), criminal relationship (-31) and strangers (-7) (Table 7). The largest declines in firearm-related homicides among the CMAs occurred in Calgary (-7 victims) and Québec (-6 victims), while Vancouver and Winnipeg both recorded 4 fewer victims (Table 3b). Murder was down 0.2%. The average age for Indigenous accused persons was 28 years old compared to 34 years old for non-Indigenous persons. The magnitude of this decline was similar across countries: homicide rates fell between 78 and 98%. [3] Only UNODC data is used in the main table below. The 2019 statistics show the estimated rate of violent crime was 366.7 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants, and the estimated rate of property crime was 2,109.9 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants. For instance, a single incident can have more than one victim and for the purpose of this article, each victim would be counted as a homicide. This is the highest number of homicides and the largest year over year increase reported in a single province since Statistics Canada began collecting this data in 1961. Forensic evidence such as genetic testing results may also be an acceptable means of determining the Aboriginal identity of victims. While all 3 homicides that occurred in 2017 were committed by an acquaintance, the increase in the CMA of Windsor in 2018 involved not only additional homicides by acquaintances, but also homicides by family members and strangers. The lowest rate of homicide was found in rural areas of the South at 1.42 homicides per 100,000 population. “Map of homicide in countries worldwide.” Global Study on Homicide (accessed August, 2019). See farther down as to why its data is used over other sources. The worldwide homicide rate is estimated at about 6.1 per 100,000 population. The increase is mostly a result of the increase of 49 homicides in the census metropolitan area (CMA) of Toronto. As a result, these population counts are subject to a certain level of uncertainty and could be revised in the future. Statistics Catalogue no. The Homicide Survey collects police-reported data on the characteristics of all homicide incidents, victims and accused persons in Canada. Population counts prior to 2001 were not available for this Juristat article. The proportion of Indigenous victims was greatest among the CMAs of Thunder Bay (75%), Regina (63%), Brantford (60%), Winnipeg (59%) and Saskatoon (50%). A homicide incident is considered solved (or ‘cleared’, National homicide rate decreases in 2018, but varies across provinces and territories, Rate of attempted homicides also down in 2018, Decrease in homicides attributable to lower numbers in the provincial south, Homicides in the North more likely to occur among persons known to each other and in a residence compared to homicides in the South, Provincial homicide rates continue to be highest in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Most homicides ever reported and highest homicide rate since 1991 for Toronto census metropolitan area, Number of homicides decreased or remained the same in just over half of census metropolitan areas, About one in three homicides in Canada are firearm-related, Firearm-related homicides down after four consecutive years of increases, Handguns remain the most widely used firearm in homicides, After increasing three years in a row, the rate of gang-related homicides declined in 2018, Homicides involving multiple victims are relatively rare, Text box 1 A look at solve rates from the Homicide Survey, Rate of homicide for Indigenous peoples five times higher than for non-Indigenous people, Indigenous victims younger than non-Indigenous victims, Solve rates higher for homicides involving Indigenous victims, Victims reported as missing prior to the incident being identified as a homicide, Rate of Indigenous peoples accused of homicide nearly eight times higher than non-Indigenous accused persons, A criminal history is common for both persons accused of homicide and victims, Youth account for less than one in every ten persons accused of homicide, Almost one in five accused persons suspected of having a mental or developmental disorder. The total decrease in Canadian homicides in 2018 is attributable to a decrease in the southern parts of Canada.Note The number of homicides in the south declined by 19 whereas homicides in northern Canada, which includes the provincial north and the territories, increased by 4. The national year over year decline in the number of firearm-related homicides (-18) is a result of fewer firearm-related homicides in areas outside of census metropolitan areas (-20). Overall, in 2018, gang-related homicide committed with a firearm represented 20% of all homicides, compared to 22% the year before and 20% in 2016. During the 2019 data collection cycle, some of the outstanding unsolved homicides may become solved, which would then increase the solve rate for homicides reported in 2018 or any other year prior. In 2018, the proportion of Indigenous victims killed by someone they knew (96%) was higher than non-Indigenous victims (75%) (Table 8). 1. p. 88-104. The decline in Alberta (-9) was predominantly in Calgary (-8). Recent reports indicate that overall rates of violent crime in Canada, including homicide, are higher in rural areas than urban areas and that higher rates of rural crime are mainly observed in the northern areas of the provinces (Perreault 2019). Crime Severity Index - Newfoundland and Labrador (2019) 71.6. The greatest differences were seen in Manitoba and Saskatchewan where rates for the northern region of these provinces were seven and six times higher respectively than for the southern regions. Eight percent of Indigenous male victims were reported as missing before being identified as homicide victims as was the case for 6% of non-Indigenous male victims. This was also true for both male and female victims. [17], All data in this section comes from the Statistics Online website of the Research and Analysis Branch of UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime).[1][2]. 2003). Also consistent with previous years, the majority of victims of solved homicides knew their killer. A homicide is classified as gang-related when police confirm or suspect that the accused person and/or victim involved in the homicide was either a member, or a prospective member, of an organized crime group or street gang or was somehow associated with an organized crime group or street gang, and the homicide was carried out as a result of this association. 53, no. “Explaining the changing nature of homicide clearance in Canada.” International Criminal Justice Review. Only 1 of the homicides was reported as being firearm-related and 2 were gang-related. 4.1% (annual change) Selected geographical area: Newfoundland and Labrador. Rates are calculated per 100,000 Indigenous population, by sex. 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